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Communism -- China.

 Subject
Subject Source: Local sources

Found in 52 Collections and/or Records:

Christians Supporting Community Organizing

 Collection
Identifier: SC-200
Dates: Other: Date acquired: 07/21/2015

Collection 051 Papers of Katharine H. Schoerner

 Collection
Identifier: CN 051
Scope and Contents Oral history interview with Katherine Hastings Dodd Schoerner for the Missionary Sources Collection at the BGC Archives, in which she describes her experiences as a missionary with China Inland Mission from 1931-1951. Also included the collection are five letters written during her ministry in China describing her life there.Katharine Schoerner was interviewed by Wheaton College student Gary Ziccardi on October 20, 1978 at her home in Evergreen Park. Topics covered in the...
Dates: Created: 1978

Collection 052 Oral History Interview with Esther Salzman

 Collection
Identifier: CN 052
Scope and Contents

Oral history interview with Esther I. Salzman (1906-1996), a Wheaton College alumna and missionary to China in the 1940s and to the Philippines from 1950 to 1972. Topics discussed include her education at Wheaton College, medical work in China and the Philippines, and Communism in China. The time period covered by the interview is 1906 to 1978.

Esther Salzman was interviewed by Wheaton College student Fred Baker on October 28, 1978 at her home in Kankakee, IL.

Dates: Created: 1978

Collection 055 Papers of Otto F. Schoerner

 Collection
Identifier: CN 055
Scope and Contents

Papers of Otto Frederick Schoerner a Wheaton College alumnus and missionary with China Inland Mission in Sinkiang, Honan, and Kangsu Provinces of China from 1931-1951. Collection includes an oral history interview, correspondence, autobiography, and photographs.

Dates: Created: 1949-2006

Collection 057 Papers of Susan Bartel

 Collection
Identifier: CN 057
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews, negatives, and photographs relating to Susan Bartel's service with the China Mennonite Mission Society for over 20 years in the Shantung Province of China. Topics covered by the interviews include: Bartel's youth, conversion to Christianity, education, marriage to Loyal Bartel, and mission work in China; World War II; Japanese occupation of China; arrest and imprisonment of Loyal; life under the Chinese communists after World War II, Loyal’s imprisonment and Susan’s...
Dates: Created: 1932-1979

Collection 075 Oral History Interviews with Elizabeth Warner

 Collection
Identifier: CN 075
Scope and Contents Oral history interview with Elizabeth Howard Warner (1912-2000) in which she describes her childhood in the Canton Province of China as a daughter of missionaries, Canton Christian College where her father worked, studies and personalities at Wheaton College, her mission work among girls with Door of Hope Mission in Canton and Hong Kong, Chinese education, economic and social conditions, religion (particularly Buddhism), politics and government, the impact of China's war with Japan, and...
Dates: Created: 1978

Collection 080 Papers of Miriam J. Dunn

 Collection
Identifier: CN 080
Scope and Contents Collection contians a manuscript of I Get Your Message, Father, written by Miriam J. Dunn relating her missionary experiences in China and Southeast Asia with China Inland Mission (CIM) (319 pp.) Topics include her childhood in China, nurses training in England, language school in China, marriage, work with Christian Witness Press in Hong Kong, and missionary work in Malaysia. The manuscript is typed on 319 pages, 8" x 11" size bond paper and...
Dates: Created: 1978

Collection 092 Ephemera of Robert B. Ekvall

 Collection
Identifier: CN 092
Scope and Contents

Oral history interviews, correspondence, photographs, and a manuscript that describe Robert B. Ekvall's education at Wheaton College, work as a missionary in China and Tibet, and military and diplomatic activities during World War II and after in China and Southeast Asia.

Dates: Created: 1933-1980

Collection 094 Ephemera of John Hsu

 Collection
Identifier: CN 094
Scope and Contents Audio recording of class lecture delivered by Dr. John Hsu, a former Wheaton College graduate, in Dr. Will Norton's History of Christian Missions class at Wheaton College on October 11, 1979. Dr. Hsu spoke about his recent trip to mainland China and his analysis of the church's situation there. Topics discussed include the three-self group, Chinese politics, government, and religion, home church groups, and the Cultural Revolution. The time period covered by the lecture is mid-19th century...
Dates: Created: 1979

Collection 164 Oral History Interview with Elizabeth Small

 Collection
Identifier: CN 164
Scope and Contents

Oral history interview with Elizabeth Stair Small in which she describes her missionary experiences in China between the earliest communist revolutions; includes customs, evangelizing methods, assistance of Chinese Christians in areas of central China; post-war pastoring in the U.S. The time period covered by the interviews is 1904-1980.

Elizabeth Small was interviewed by Robert Shuster on October 28, 1980 at the Billy Graham Center Archives at Wheaton College.

Dates: Created: 1980

Collection 169 Oral History Interviews with Harold P. Adolph

 Collection
Identifier: CN 169
Scope and Contents Oral History Interview with Harold Paul Adolph, in which he discusses his boyhood in China as the son of missionaries with China Inland Mission, conditions in China, his education at Wheaton College, medical education at the University of Pennsylvania, decision to become a missionary, and his ministry in Ethiopia as a medical missionary in African with Sudan Interior Mission; American missions in Ethiopia; family life on the mission field, and work with the Christian Medical Society. The...
Dates: Created: 1981

Collection 182 Papers of J. Herbert and Winnifred Kane

 Collection
Identifier: CN 182
Scope and Contents

Correspondence and curriculum material from James Herbert Kane and Winnifred Mary (Shepherd) Kane's missiology courses, and three oral history interviews. Materials document the Kanes' missionary work in China and Dr. Kane's teaching in the U.S.  Events described in the interviews cover the time period from 1932 to 1950.

Dates: Created: 1934-1987

Collection 187 Papers of Eleanor R. Elliott

 Collection
Identifier: CN 187
Scope and Contents Family correspondence, prayer letters, brochures, newspaper clippings, prayer cards and letters from other missionaries, photographs, slides, negatives, journals and diaries, and eight interviews concerning Elliott's childhood in China, mission work with China Inland Mission (now Overseas Missionary Fellowship) in China and the Philippines, her experiences as an evangelist and teacher, her life in China during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945, and the civil war that followed. Her retirement...
Dates: Created: 1910-1988

Collection 206 Oral History Interview with John C. Chin

 Collection
Identifier: CN 206
Scope and Contents Oral history interview with John C. Chin (1911-1989) in which he discusses his childhood in China, medical training, and the Chinese Christian church; the work of China Inland Mission in Honan, Szechwan, and Yunnan provinces; the Japanese occupation of China; Nationalist and Communist parties; medical work in CIM and Presbyterian hospitals; war conditions and relocation to Taiwan;  Also discussed is his founding of the Lutheran Seminary, Taiwan; the contemporary status of Chinese Christians,...
Dates: Created: 1982

Collection 209 Papers of Eugene R. Bertermann

 Collection
Identifier: CN 209
Scope and Contents Correspondence, reports, minutes, manuscripts, photographs, phonograph records, and other materials relating to Eugene R. Bertermann's involvement in religious broadcasting, particularly in regard to his responsibilities as president and one of the board of directors of the National Religious Broadcasters; executive director and board member of Far East Broadcasting Company; and one of the planners of the ecumenical evangelistic effort known as Key '73.Materials particularly...
Dates: Created: 1955-1981

Collection 215 - Overseas Missionary Fellowship (China Inland Mission) Records

 Collection
Identifier: CN 215
Brief Description Correspondence, minutes, directories, newsletters, brochures, photographs, book manuscripts, slides, photo albums, and other materials which document the history of the North American branch of the mission. Materials cover the origins of the mission's North American branch; its church planting, evangelistic, medical, educational, and literature work in China until the time of its expulsion in 1951; its reorganization from China Inland Mission into Overseas Missionary Fellowship; its work...
Dates: Created: 1853, 1886-1990, 1997, undated; Other: Majority of material found in 1889-1990

Collection 231 Papers of Ian and Helen Anderson

 Collection
Identifier: CN 231
Scope and Contents Correspondence, diaries, articles, clippings, manuscripts, photographs, photo albums, songbooks, lecture and sermon notes, maps, audio tapes, etc. related to the Ian and Helen Anderson's mission work with the Overseas Missionary Fellowship. The materials document their careers in China until 1951, in Taiwan until 1956, and in the Philippines until 1971, and again in Taiwan until 1974. Materials also reflect their work as regional representatives for OMF following their retirement in 1974....
Dates: Created: 1928-1995

Collection 232 Papers of Esther Hess

 Collection
Identifier: CN 232-232
Scope and Contents

Correspondence, photographs, and articles relating to Esther Hess's missionary work as a nurse in China with China Inland Mission from 1931 to 1945. The materials not only document Hess's missionary career, but also the Sino-Japanese war and her confinement to a Japanese internment camp from 1942-1945.

Dates: Created: 1931-1959; Majority of material found in 1931-1941

Collection 246 Papers of Jessie McDonald

 Collection
Identifier: CN 246
Scope and Contents Correspondence, diaries, notes, articles, photographs, and annual reports relating to Jessie McDonald's medical work in China from 1913-1952 with China Inland Mission. The documents include information on evangelistic outreach and the nature of health conditions in China. The materials also describe the political and social upheavals occurring in China during the first half of the 1900s.The correspondence by Dr. Mc Donald is supplemented by some correspondence of her co-workers...
Dates: Created: 1907-1951

Collection 255 Oral History Interview of Helen Frame

 Collection
Identifier: CN 255
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews with Helen Nowack Frame (1908-1999) in which she discusses her childdhood growing up in China, decision to become a missionary for Overseas Missionary Fellowship, education at Wheaton College, years of service in China, culture and political events in China; leaving China in 1951 with her husband Raymond and their children and resettlement in the Philippines, teaching at Faith Academy, development of the Bible Institute, return and activities in Wheaton. The time...
Dates: Created: 1983

Collection 256 Oral History Interviews with Malcolm and Helen Sawyer

 Collection
Identifier: CN 256
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews with Malcolm Maurice Sawyer (1919-2007) and with Helen Irvin Sawyer, in which the Sawyers discuss their childhood, education, and working for the Christian and Missionary Alliance in China, 1948-1950 and in Laos, 1950-1975. Mission activities in Laos include church planting, training of pastors, and medical assistance to the Khamu and Hmong peoples, language study, Vietnam, Thailand and Tibet, transfer to Laos, cultural differences, political situation in Vietnam,...
Dates: Created: 1985

Collection 263 Oral History Interview with Margaret Carlson

 Collection
Identifier: CN 263
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews with Margaret Johanna (Larson) Carlson in which she describes growing up in Ecuador as the child of missionaries, her education at Westmont and Wheaton Colleges, her nursing experience, and her missionary service with her husband at the Christian and Missionary Alliance Seminary in Hong Kong. Other topics discussed include: the founding of a HCJB radio station by her father, Reuben Larson, and her involvement in Wheaton College's HNGR Program. Individuals described...
Dates: Created: 1983

Collection 266 Oral History Interview with Ruth Sundquist

 Collection
Identifier: CN 266
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews with Ruth Sundquist in which she describes her education at Moody Bible Institute, decision to become a missionary, work first in Kentucky home missions as a Christian education worker with the Evangelical Free Church and then her missionary career in China and Hong Kong between 1947 and 1982 as an administrator for a Sunday School and orphanage. Other topics discussed include: language school in China, Chinese attitudes toward the Nationalists, Communists, Americans...
Dates: Created: 1984

Collection 272 Papers of Jennie Fitzwilliam

 Collection
Identifier: CN 272
Scope and Contents Letters with some translation, photographs, a Lisu translation of the New Testament, combined catechism and hymnbook in the Atsi Kachin language, slides, and four oral history interviews all related to Jennie Fitzwilliam's mission work with Overseas Missionary Fellowship (formerly China Inland Mission) among the Lisu and Kachin peoples in southern China along the Burmese border. Included are recollections of Fitzwilliam's husband, Francis, J.O. Fraser and the early history of missionary work...
Dates: Created: 1985

Collection 286 Oral History Interview with Marilyn J. Suttie

 Collection
Identifier: CN 286
Scope and Contents Oral history interview with Marilyn Joy Suttie in which she describes her work as a missionary in Cameroon with the United Presbyterian Ecumenical Mission. Topics discussed include: Suttie's childhood in China, education at Wheaton College, and short-term missionary work, mainly teaching missionary children in Cameroon. Also includes information on the Cameroon church, polygamy, Muslims in Cameroon, and medical care, and other political, social, and religious issues in Africa. The time...
Dates: Created: 1984

Collection 287 Oral History Interview with Margaret Crossett

 Collection
Identifier: CN 287
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews with Margaret Rice Elliott Crossett in which she describes her childhood with her missionary parents in China, her education at Wheaton College, and missionary career with her husband, Vincent Crossett, in China and Taiwan with China Inland Mission/Overseas Missionary Fellowship (1929-1948, 1961-1973). Topics discussed include  Crossett's childhood in China; description of Chinese indigenous worship practices and syncretism in Chinese religious culture; Crossett's...
Dates: Created: 1984-1986

Collection 288 Oral History Interview with Vincent L. Crossett

 Collection
Identifier: CN 288
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews with Vincent Leroy Crossett (1907-1999) in which he describes his education at Wheaton and Westminster Seminary, missionary work with China Inland Mission/Overseas Missionary Fellowship in China and Taiwan, and pastoral work in a local church in Hawaii. Topics discussed include Crossett's education at Wheaton College and Westminster Seminary; decision to join China Inland Mission; language school; evangelism methods; characteristics of the Chinese church; CIM's...
Dates: Created: 1984-1986

Collection 293 Oral History Interview with Melvin D. Suttie

 Collection
Identifier: CN 293
Scope and Contents Oral history interview with Melvin David Suttie (1912-2006) in which he discusses his childhood, Christian growth, education at Wheaton College and Biblical Seminary in New York and Omaha Presbyterian Seminary, missionary work with China Inland Mission (1940-1950), work among university students, persecution, evangelistic work among the Chinese population and Nationalist troops, his wife Mary's work among women, their children, church and state relations in China, the impact of the...
Dates: Created: 1985

Collection 315 Oral History Interview with Marie H. Little

 Collection
Identifier: CN 315
Scope and Contents Oral history interview with Marie Huttenlock Little (1918-2009) in which she describes her childhood in Philadelphia, training as a nurse and further education at Philadelphia School of Bible and the University of Pennsylvania; missionary service with China Inland Mission in 1947, working in Lanzhou and Wu Wei, Gansu province; return to the U.S. in 1950 to become a staff worker for Inter-Varsity. The time period covered by the interviews is circa 1918-1955.Marie Little was...
Dates: Created: 1985

Collection 341 Papers of Victor G. Plymire

 Collection
Identifier: CN 341
Scope and Contents Letters, articles, over 1200 photos, maps, diary and other material relating to Victor Plymire's missionary career in Tibet and China under the auspices of the Assemblies of God. The collection contains information not only on his evangelistic work among various strata of Tibetan society but also about his evangelistic/exploration expedition of 1927-28 which crossed from northeastern to southwestern Tibet; Tibetan culture and society; the Buddhist religion; and the early history of relations...
Dates: Created: 1908-1957

Collection 417 Papers of Dick Springer

 Collection
Identifier: CN 417
Scope and Contents Oral history interview and one prayer letter relating to the ministry of Charles Oliver “Dick” Springer, missionary with Overseas Missionary Fellowship in China and Japan from 1937-1996.Series: Audio TapesOral history interview with Dick Springer in which he describes his family and their missionary interest and involvement, conversion, education (at Whitman College, Princeton Theological Seminary, and Moody Bible Institute), his involvement...
Dates: Created: 1937-1989

Collection 418 Papers of Hester H. Withey

 Collection
Identifier: CN 418
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews and a manuscript, documenting the ministry of Hester Hartzell Withey, missionary with Worldwide Evangelisation for Christ International (WEC) in China and India from 1940-1985.Series: Audio TapesOral history interviews with Hester Withey in which she describes her parents’ and grandparents’ missionary service in Angola, her childhood in Africa and the U.S., education in South Africa, conversion, medical training,...
Dates: Created: 1989

Collection 421 Oral History Interviews with Arthur F. Glasser

 Collection
Identifier: CN 421
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews with Arthur Frederick Glasser (1914-2009) in which he discusses his family background; conversion to Christianity at a Keswick conference; his education at Moody Bible Institute and Faith Seminary in Wilmington, DE; service as a chaplain during World War II; marriage, work with Dawson Trotman and the Navigators; service as a missionary in China with China Inland Mission; the Communist revolution in China; the 1951 Bournemouth conference to determine CIM's future; and...
Dates: Created: 1989-1998

Collection 435 Ephemera of Isobel Miller Kuhn

 Collection
Identifier: CN 435
Scope and Contents Correspondence, newsletters, articles, negatives, and photographs relating to the missionary service of Isobel and John Kuhn, primarily among the Lisu people in China and Thailand with Overseas Missionary Fellowship from 1928 to 1954. The topics discussed in the letters include travel in China, missions work, their marriage, birth of daughter and son, cultural differences, advance of communists into the Lisu area, biographical sketches of co-workers Mary Baldock, Frances Bailey, Lilian...
Dates: Created: 1927-1983

Collection 449 Ephemera of the Stam Family

 Collection
Identifier: CN 449
Scope and Contents

Memoirs, newsletters, correspondence, diary, photos, film, poems, newspaper clippings and other items that relate to the Stam family, their Christian faith, Star of Hope Mission and the missions and evangelism work of various family members, especially John and Betty Stam who were killed in China by Chinese Communist soldiers in 1934.

Dates: Created: 1919-2003

Collection 470 Oral History Interview with Sadie Custer

 Collection
Identifier: CN 470
Scope and Contents Oral history interview with Sadie Custer (1911-2007) in which she discusses her childhood, conversion, education at Moody Bible Institute, joining the China Inland Mission, arrival in China in 1936, the Chinese language, work in Shensi province, Bible teaching, transition from missionary to Chinese leadership, the Three Self Movement, the Communist revolution in China and its effect on missions, the Sino-Japanese Conflict, work in Malaysia among Chinese, living in an area in Malaysia...
Dates: Created: 1992

Collection 471 Papers of W. Arthur Saunders

 Collection
Identifier: CN 471
Scope and Contents Oral history interview and a manuscript translated by W. Arthur Saunders, relating to Saunder’s missionary service in China with China Inland Mission and Overseas Missionary Fellowship from 1930 to 1987. The interview describes his childhood in England, emigration to New Zealand, training at the New Zealand Bible Institute, joining the China Inland Mission, going to China in 1930, evangelistic work in south Gansu province, the work of Chinese evangelists, worship services in Gansu churches,...
Dates: Created: 1992

Collection 472 Oral History Interview with Paul A. Contento

 Collection
Identifier: CN 472
Scope and Contents Oral history interview with Paul A. Contento in which he discusses his childhood, conversion, attendance at Moody Bible Institute, going to China in 1928 as a China Inland Mission worker, evangelistic work in Ningxia province (Inner Mongolia) and work among university students in southwest and northwest China, founding of the Inter-Varsity student movements in China, Singapore and Vietnam; Calvin Chao; the Sino-Japanese war; the communist takeover in China; founding of Singapore Bible...
Dates: Created: 19992

Collection 534 Papers of Henry and Marguerite Owen

 Collection
Identifier: CN 534
Scope and Contents Articles, audio tapes, booklets, correspondence, lecture notes, manuscript, newspaper clippings, outlines of lectures, photo albums, photographs, prayer letters, reports, research notes, scrapbooks, and travel brochures documenting the missionary service of Marguerite (Goodner) Owen and her husband Henry "Harry", missionaries to China with China Inland Mission (now Overseas Missionary Fellowship), 1933-1941, 1947-1951. Includes information on the Harry's work as OMF representative and later...
Dates: Created: 1929-2002

Collection 535 Oral History Interview with Mona Joyce

 Collection
Identifier: CN 535
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews with Mona Miller Joyce (1912-2000) in which she describes her childhood and youth, conversion and spiritual development, call to missionary work, family, work in China with China Inland Mission, husband Raymond Joyce, the Communist period in China and CIM's expulsion from the country, co-workers Dr. Jessie McDonald and Mabel Soltau, Pentecostalism, relations among missionaries, her role as a woman missionary, outreach to Muslims, their work in the Persian Gulf with...
Dates: Created: 1996

Collection 562 Papers of Roger and Mary Howes

 Collection
Identifier: CN 562
Scope and Contents Address books, articles, autograph books, birthday book, correspondence, diaries, documents, journals, manuscripts, newspaper clippings, notebooks, photographs, prayer letters, scrapbooks, sermon notes, songbooks, and testimony which document the Howes' work as China Inland Mission (CIM) missionaries in China from 1925 through 1945, and their work at CIM (later Overseas Missionary Fellowship) office in Chicago and Headquarters in Philadelphia before they retired in 1965. Their correspondence...
Dates: Created: 1899-1993

Collection 603 Papers of Wayne W. and Ruth K. Courtney

 Collection
Identifier: CN 603
Scope and Contents

Correspondence, oral history interviews, and photographs which document the Courtneys' courtship and marriage, Ruth Courtney's ministry in China as a single missionary with China Inland Mission, their brief work together in China after their marriage (1949-1951), and later work for the mission in the Philippines and in the United States.

Dates: Created: 1940-2006

Collection 606 Papers of Winifred Rand

 Collection
Identifier: CN 606
Scope and Contents Oral history interview, articles, questionnaires, and biographical information related to the missionary service of Winifred Rand with China Inland Mission. Topics covered by the material include: Rand’s teaching ambitions as a young girl; reason for move to missions; Portland Bible Institute; Christian and Missionary Alliance missions policy toward single women on the mission field; China Inland Mission training; Chinese language school; doing rural work with Chinese Bible woman in Shansi,...
Dates: Created: 1936-2004

Collection 681 Oral History Interview with Mertis Byram Heimbach

 Collection
Identifier: CN 681
Scope and Contents Oral history interviews with Mertis Byram Heimbach (1921- ) missionary in China, Thailand, Singapore and U.S. with China Inland Mission (CIM) and (as it was later known) Overseas Missionary Fellowship (OMF) from 1946 to 1999. Topics discussed include childhood in Korea; parents’ mission work; Wheaton College and Prairie Bible Institute; marriage to Ernest Heimbach; Hmong (Miao) people; tribal mission work; Communist takeover of China; Communist treatment of Christians; CIM’s exit from China;...
Dates: 2014

David H. Adeney Papers.

 Collection
Identifier: CN 393
Brief Description Adeney’s correspondence, writings (articles, books), lecture and presentation manuscripts, subject files (especially files on various China-related topics) he compiled from many sources, notebooks and loose notes, a photo album, photographs and slides, and two oral history interviews. Together these span his career as a missionary in China and Southeast Asia, staff with InterVarsity Christian Fellowship in the United States, leader with International Fellowship of Evangelical Students,...
Dates: Created: 1911-1994

Emma Ekvall article, interview transcript, and audio interview.

 Unprocessed Material — Folder 1
Identifier: 1982-157
Dates: 1943-1970

Evangelical Fellowship of Mission Agencies Records

 Collection
Identifier: CN-165
Brief Description Executive Directors' (Clyde Taylor, Wade Coggins, Paul McKaughan) files of the EFMA. The association of denominational and nondenominational foreign missions boards began as a commission of the National Association of Evangelicals to serve common interests of members in government relations (domestic and foreign); use of communication channels; cooperative purchasing/travel; and relations between each other. The collection is subdivided into thirteen parts: 1. Correspondence and General...
Dates: Created: 1937-1996

Gospel Tract Collection

 Collection
Identifier: SC-222
Dates: Other: -

L. Nelson Bell Papers

 Collection
Identifier: CN 318
Brief Description Correspondence, minutes, newspaper clippings, reports, and other documents related to the life and ministry of L. Nelson Bell, first as a medical missionary in China, then as doctor, editor, and lay leader in the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Among the topics covered by the material in the collection are missions in China in the twentieth century between the two world wars; the work of Bell's son-in-law, Billy Graham; the founding and development of Christianity Today and The...
Dates: 1923-1973

OC International Records

 Collection
Identifier: CN 222
Brief Description Correspondence, reports, minutes, manuscripts, handbooks, directories, photographs, etc., relating to the mission's work of evangelism, church planting and development of national leadership in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America since its origin in 1950 and official founding in 1951. Documents describe the founding and expansion of the mission, administrations of Dick Hillis (first president from 1951-1976, but also including files dating back to 1933 on his years as a missionary in...
Dates: Created: 1933-1998